BERT in DeepPavlov¶
BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a Transformer pre-trained on masked language model and next sentence prediction tasks. This approach showed state-of-the-art results on a wide range of NLP tasks in English.
There are several pre-trained BERT models released by Google Research, more detail about these pretrained models could be found here https://github.com/google-research/bert#pre-trained-models:
BERT-base, English, cased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters: download from [google], [deeppavlov]
BERT-base, English, uncased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters: download from [google], [deeppavlov]
BERT-large, English, cased, 24-layer, 1024-hidden, 16-heads, 340M parameters: download from [google]
BERT-base, multilingual, cased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 180M parameters: download from [google], [deeppavlov]
BERT-base, Chinese, cased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters: download from [google]
We have trained BERT-base model for other languages and domains:
RuBERT, Russian, cased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 180M parameters: [deeppavlov]
SlavicBERT, Slavic (bg, cs, pl, ru), cased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 180M parameters: [deeppavlov]
Conversational BERT, English, cased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters: [deeppavlov]
Conversational RuBERT, Russian, cased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 180M parameters: [deeppavlov]
RuBERT was trained on the Russian part of Wikipedia and news data. We used this training data to build vocabulary of Russian subtokens and took multilingual version of BERT-base as initialization for RuBERT 1.
SlavicBERT was trained on Russian News and four Wikipedias: Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, and Russian. Subtoken vocabulary was built using this data. Multilingual BERT was used as an initialization for SlavicBERT.
Conversational BERT was trained on the English part of Twitter, Reddit, DailyDialogues 3, OpenSubtitles 4, Debates 5, Blogs 6, Facebook News Comments. We used this training data to build the vocabulary of English subtokens and took English cased version of BERT-base as initialization for English Conversational BERT.
Conversational RuBERT was trained on OpenSubtitles 4, Dirty, Pikabu, and Social Media segment of Taiga corpus 7. We assembled new vocabulary for Conversational RuBERT model on this data and initialized model with RuBERT.
Here, in DeepPavlov, we made it easy to use pre-trained BERT for downstream tasks like classification, tagging, question answering and ranking. We also provide pre-trained models and examples on how to use BERT with DeepPavlov.
BERT for Classification¶
BertClassifierModel
provides easy to use solution for classification problem
using pre-trained BERT. One can use several pre-trained English, multi-lingual and Russian BERT models that are
listed above.
Two main components of BERT classifier pipeline in DeepPavlov are
BertPreprocessor
and
BertClassifierModel
.
Non-processed texts should be given to bert_preprocessor
for tokenization on subtokens,
encoding subtokens with their indices and creating tokens and segment masks.
In case of using one-hot encoded classes in the pipeline, set one_hot_labels
to true
.
bert_classifier
has a dense layer of number of classes size upon pooled outputs of Transformer encoder,
it is followed by softmax
activation (sigmoid
if multilabel
parameter is set to true
in config).
BERT for Named Entity Recognition (Sequence Tagging)¶
Pre-trained BERT model can be used for sequence tagging. Examples of BERT application to sequence tagging
can be found here. The module used for tagging
is BertSequenceTagger
.
The tags are obtained by applying a dense layer to the representation of
the first subtoken of each word. There is also an optional CRF layer on the top.
Multilingual BERT model allows to perform zero-shot transfer across languages. To use our 19 tags NER for over a hundred languages see Multilingual BERT Zero-Shot Transfer.
BERT for Morphological Tagging¶
Since morphological tagging is also a sequence labeling task, it can be solved in a similar fashion. The only difference is that we may use the last subtoken of each word in case word morphology is mostly defined by its suffixes, not prefixes (that is the case for most Indo-European languages, such as Russian, Spanish, German etc.). See also.
BERT for Syntactic Parsing¶
You can use BERT for syntactic parsing also. As most modern parsers, we use the biaffine model over the embedding layer, which is the output of BERT. The model outputs the index of syntactic head and the dependency type for each word. See the parser documentation for more information about model performance and algorithm.
BERT for Context Question Answering (SQuAD)¶
Context Question Answering on SQuAD dataset is a task
of looking for an answer on a question in a given context. This task could be formalized as predicting answer start
and end position in a given context. BertSQuADModel
uses two linear
transformations to predict probability that current subtoken is start/end position of an answer. For details check
Context Question Answering documentation page.
BERT for Ranking¶
There are two main approaches in text ranking. The first one is interaction-based which is relatively accurate but
works slow and the second one is representation-based which is less accurate but faster 2.
The interaction-based ranking based on BERT is represented in the DeepPavlov with two main components
BertRankerPreprocessor
and BertRankerModel
and the representation-based ranking with components
BertSepRankerPreprocessor
and BertSepRankerModel
.
Additional components
BertSepRankerPredictorPreprocessor
and BertSepRankerPredictor
are for usage in the interact
mode
where the task for ranking is to retrieve the best possible response from some provided response base with the help of
the trained model. Working examples with the trained models are given here.
Statistics are available here.
BERT for Extractive Summarization¶
The BERT model was trained on Masked Language Modeling (MLM) and Next Sentence Prediction (NSP) tasks.
NSP head was trained to detect in [CLS] text_a [SEP] text_b [SEP]
if text_b follows text_a in original document.
This NSP head can be used to stack sentences from a long document, based on a initial sentence. The first sentence in
a document can be used as initial one. BertAsSummarizer
relies on
pretrained BERT models and does not require training on summarization dataset.
We have two configuration files:
BertAsSummarizer takes first sentence in document as initialization.
BertAsSummarizer with init uses provided initial sentence.
Using custom BERT in DeepPavlov¶
The previous sections describe the BERT based models implemented in DeepPavlov. To change the BERT model used for initialization in any downstream task mentioned above the following parameters of the config file must be changed to match new BERT path:
download URL in the
metadata.download.url
part of the configbert_config_file
,pretrained_bert
in the BERT based Componentvocab_file
in thebert_preprocessor
- 1
Kuratov, Y., Arkhipov, M. (2019). Adaptation of Deep Bidirectional Multilingual Transformers for Russian Language. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.07213.
- 2
McDonald, R., Brokos, G. I., & Androutsopoulos, I. (2018). Deep relevance ranking using enhanced document-query interactions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.01682.
- 3
Yanran Li, Hui Su, Xiaoyu Shen, Wenjie Li, Ziqiang Cao, and Shuzi Niu. DailyDialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset. IJCNLP 2017.
- 4(1,2)
Lison and J. Tiedemann, 2016, OpenSubtitles2016: Extracting Large Parallel Corpora from Movie and TV Subtitles. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016)
- 5
Justine Zhang, Ravi Kumar, Sujith Ravi, Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. Proceedings of NAACL, 2016.
- 6
Schler, M. Koppel, S. Argamon and J. Pennebaker (2006). Effects of Age and Gender on Blogging in Proceedings of 2006 AAAI Spring Symposium on Computational Approaches for Analyzing Weblogs.
- 7
Shavrina T., Shapovalova O. (2017) TO THE METHODOLOGY OF CORPUS CONSTRUCTION FOR MACHINE LEARNING: «TAIGA» SYNTAX TREE CORPUS AND PARSER. in proc. of “CORPORA2017”, international conference , Saint-Petersbourg, 2017.